LSS Report 12 Detailed Cancer Mortality Data
and Supplementary Tables
September 13, 1996
The following notes describe files that are being distributed
by RERF in conjunction with the publication of Report 12 Part
1 on cancer mortality in Life Span Study cohort of atomic bomb
survivors. The paper by Pierce et. al. [Radiation Research
146:1-27, 1996] presents the results of some of
RERF's analyses of these data. The data which we are making
available includes two detailed data files, analysis script
files that provide information on how these data can be used
to reproduce the principal results in the report, and a set of
supplementary tables that provide more detailed results for
specific sites than could be included in the published paper.
In the RERF analyses separate person-year tabulations were
made for each organ dose. The solid cancer table included
here was defined using colon dose (r12canc.dat). In order to
allow you to carry out analyses based on doses to other
organs, we have included a table of city and age at exposure
specific organ dose adjustment factors (ds86adjf.dat). The
leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma cancer table included here
was defined using bone marrow dose (r12leuk.dat).
The primary files being provided by RERF include:
r12canc.dat detailed person year table with data on
all major cancer sites (DOS text file)
r12leuk.dat detailed person year table with data on
leukemia and other hematopoietic cancers
(DOS text file)
ds86adjf.dat adjustment factors that can be used to
convert colon doses to approximate doses
for other organs. (DOS text file)
r12supp.xls Worksheet containing 54 supplementary
tables with detailed results for 18
cancer categories (MS Excel worksheet)
The solid cancer and leukemia data sets are detailed
tabulations of person years, case counts, and summary data
constructed from data on individual survivors. The cohort for
analysis includes 86,572 survivors. This total includes
survivors with DS86 shielded kerma estimates greater than 4
Gy. The data sets are structured to make it easy to exclude
survivors with total shielded kerma estimates above 4 Gy as
was done for some of the Report 12 analyses.
Data on individual survivors were stratified on city, sex, age
at exposure, attained age, calendar time, and dose to produce
these data sets. Dose categories in the leukemia data set are
defined in terms of total weighted bone marrow dose while dose
categories in the solid cancer table are defined using
weighted dose to the colon. These weighted doses were
computed as the gamma dose plus ten times the neutron dose.
As noted above, other site-specific analyses in Report 12 were
based on data sets of the same basic form in which the data
were grouped by the appropriate organ dose. It is impractical
to distribute all of these data sets. However, as noted
above, the disks contain city and age at exposure specific
conversion factors that can be used to compute estimates of
doses to other organs along with a command script that
provides an explicit illustration of how one can use these
factors to compute doses for other organs.
In addition to detailed documentation of the content of each
of the data files, EPICURE command script and log files for
fitting some of the models that were used in the analyses for
the published report are also available. These scripts also
illustrate how the data can be read and how to convert colon
dose estimates to approximate values for other organs.
If these data are used as the basis for analyses in any
publication including working papers or technical reports, a
statement of acknowledgment must be included in the
manuscript. This statement should read:
This report makes use of data obtained from the Radiation Effects
Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. RERF
is a private, non-profit foundation funded by the Japanese Ministry
of Health, Labour and Welfare and the U.S. Department of Energy
the latter through the National Academy of Sciences. The conclusions
in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily
reflect the scientific judgment of RERF or its funding agencies.
Please send a copy of any manuscripts which make use of these
data to:
Archives Unit, Library and Archives Section
Information Technology Department
Radiation Effects Research Foundation
5-2 Hijiyama Koen
Minami-ku
Hiroshima, 732-0815
JAPAN
Format for the LSS Report 12 Cancer Mortality Data Files
File Name Records Record Variables File Size
Length (bytes)
r12canc.dat 16,612 281 53 4.64MB
r12leuk.dat 16,947 169 25 2.88MB
File format: MS-DOS 3.5 inch 1.44 MB floppy disk, files are
DOS text files and have been compressed using PKZIP.
Creation date: September 13, 1996
For both files the first seven variables index the cross-
classification used to define the tables and the next 13
variables (beginning with subjects at risk in the following
table) are summary variables describing person years and
numbers of people at risk, kerma, dose, age, and time for each
cell. For the r12canc.dat file dose, weighted dose, and
adjusted dose were computed using colon dose. For the
r12leuk.dat table these quantities are computed in terms of
dose to the marrow..
Variable Description Columns
1 City 1 - 3
1 - Hiroshima
2 - Nagasaki
2 Sex 4 - 6
1 - Male
2 - Female
3 Total shielded kerma 7 - 9
1 - Yes
2 - No
4 Age at exposure category index 10 - 12
1 0 - 4 9 40 - 44
2 5 - 9 10 45 - 49
3 10 - 15 11 50 - 54
4 15 - 19 12 55 - 59
5 20 - 24 13 60 - 64
6 25 - 29 14 65 - 69
7 30 - 34 15 70+
8 35 - 39
5 Attained age category index 13 - 15
1 0 - 4 12 55 - 59
2 5 - 9 13 60 - 64
3 10 - 15 14 65 - 69
4 15 - 19 15 70 - 74
5 20 - 24 16 75 - 79
6 25 - 30 17 80 - 84
7 35 - 39 18 85 - 89
8 35 - 39 19 90 - 94
9 40 - 44 20 95 - 99
10 45 - 49 21 100+
11 50 - 54
Variable Description Columns
6 RBE10 weighted organ dose category (colon 16 - 18
dose in r12canc.dat and marrow dose in
r12leuk.dat)
1 0 - 0.005 8 0.75 - 1
2 0.005 - 0.02 9 1 - 1.5
3 0.02 - 0.05 10 1.5 - 2
4 0.05 - 0.1 11 2 - 2.5
5 0.1 - 0.2 12 2.5 - 3
6 0.2 - 0.5 13 3 - 4
7 0.5 - 0.75 14 4+
7 Time period index 19 - 21
1 October 1, 1950 - December 31, 1952
2 January 1, 1953 - December 31, 1955
3 January 1, 1956 - December 31, 1960
4 January 1, 1961 - December 31, 1965
5 January 1, 1966 - December 31, 1970
6 January 1, 1971 - December 31, 1975
7 January 1, 1976 - December 31, 1980
8 January 1, 1981 - December 31, 1985
9 January 1, 1986 - December 31, 1987
10 January 1, 1988 - December 31, 1990
8 Subjects at risk 22 - 26
The number of people who
contributed person-years to a cell
9 Person years 27 - 37
Total person years for all people
ever at risk in the cell
10 Subjects entering study 38 - 46
This variable counts the number of
people who began follow-up in a
given cell in the table. It is
zero for all cells corresponding to
time periods after the first one.
Summing this value gives the actual
number of people ever at risk. It
can be used to compute person-
weighted mean doses and ages.
11 Attained age 47 - 55
Person year weighted mean attained
age for all people ever at risk in
the cell.
12 Age at exposure 56 - 64
Person year weighted mean age at
exposure for all people ever at
risk in the cell.
13 Years since exposure 65 - 73
Person year weighted mean years
since exposure for all people ever
at risk in the cell.
14 Year 74 - 83
Person year weighted mean calendar
year for all people ever at risk in
the cell.
15 Gamma shielded kerma (mGy) 84 - 92
Person-year weighted mean gamma
shielded kerma.
16 Neutron shielded kerma (mGy) 93 - 101
Person-year weighted mean neutron
shielded kerma.
17 Gamma organ dose (mGy) 102 - 110
Person-year weighted mean gamma
organ dose. This is colon dose in
r12canc.dat and marrow dose in
r12leuk.dat
18 Neutron organ dose (mGy) 111 - 119
Person-year weighted mean neutron
organ dose. This is colon dose in
r12canc.dat and marrow dose in
r12leuk.dat.
19 Weighted organ dose (Sv) 120 - 133
RBE 10 weighted organ dose, i.e.
gamma + 10*neutron). This is colon
dose in r12canc.dat and marrow dose
in r12leuk.dat.
20 Adjusted and truncated 134 - 147
colon doses (Sv)
Weighted organ dose after
adjustment of the effect of random
dosimetry errors and limiting
total shielded kerma to 4 Gy.
This is colon dose in
r12canc.dat and marrow dose in
r12leuk.dat.
For both data sets, the above variables are followed by a set
of case count variables, that give the number of deaths due to
specific causes in each cell of the table. All of the case
count variables listed below are included in r12canc.dat file.
Cause of Death ICD (9th Rev) Columns
21 All deaths any 148 - 152
22 All Cancers 140 - 208 153 - 157
23 Leukemia 204 - 208 158 - 161
24 Non-leukemia 140 - 203 162 - 165
Total deaths from cancers other than
leukemia
25 Solid Cancers 140 -199 166 - 169
Total solid cancers which equals total
cancer deaths minus the number of leukemia,
myeloma, and malignant lymphoma deaths.
26 Tongue 141 170 - 173
27 Pharynx 146 - 149 174 - 177
28 Digestive 150 - 178 - 181
system 155(0,1,2)
156 - 159
39 Esophagus 150 182 - 185
30 Stomach 151 186 - 189
31 Colon 153 190 - 193
32 Rectum 154 194 - 197
33 Liver 155 (0,1, 198 - 201
2)
Includes both deaths attributed to primary
liver cancer and deaths which were not
specified as primary or secondary liver
cancer
34 Gallbladder 156 202 - 205
35 Pancreas 157 206 - 209
36 Other 152, 158, 210 - 213
digestive 159
37 Respiratory 160 - 165 214 - 217
system
38 Nose 160 218 - 221
39 Larynx 161 222 - 225
40 Lung 162 226 - 229
41 Bone and 170 230 - 233
connective
tissue
42 Non-melanoma 173 234 - 237
skin
43 Female breast 174 238 - 241
44 Uterus 180 - `82 242 - 245
45 Cervix 180 246 - 249
46 Ovary 183 250 - 253
47 Prostate 185 254 - 257
48 Urinary 188, 189 258 - 261
system
49 Bladder 188 262 - 265
Although the published report lists 118
bladder cancer deaths there were in fact
119.
50 Kidney 189 (0,1) 266 - 269
Cause of ICD (9th Columns
Death Rev)
51 Brain and CNS 191, 225.0 270 - 273
237.5 239.6
Includes both malignant and benign tumors.
The total number of tumors (78) is less
than the number given in Report 12 (95
cases) because of a restriction to people
with underlying cause of death listed as a
brain or CNS tumor on the death certificate.
The larger number of cases noted in the
report included 17 people who had brain or
CNS tumors listed only as a contributing
cause on the death certificate. We do not
provide the brain/CNS split here since
only 5 of the death certificate cases were
classified as CNS tumors. The breakdown
given in the Report was based on a special
review. (A detailed report on brain and
CNS cancer incidence will soon be completed.)
52 Malignant 200 - 202 274 - 277
Lymphoma
53 Multiple 203 278 - 281
Myeloma
The r12leuk.dat table includes only the following case count
variables.
Cause of Death ICD (9th Rev) Columns
21 All Deaths any 148 - 152
22 All Cancers 140 - 208 153 - 157
23 Leukemia 204 - 208 158 - 161
24 Malignant 200 - 202 162 - 165
Lymphoma
25 Multiple 203 166 - 169
Myeloma
Differences between the data in these files and the
description given in LSS Report 12.
There are some minor differences between these data sets and
the data sets described in the published report. In
particular, in the published Report the first three calendar
time periods are indicated as having lower bounds of October
10, 1950, and January 1 of 1954 and January 1, 1958. However,
the tables we are releasing have calendar time periods for
period through December 31, 1960 defined with lower bounds on
October 10, 1950 and January 1, 1953 and January 1, 1956.
These tie periods were used in the final analyses for the
published report.
In addition to the slight change in calendar time periods, the
category of brain tumor deaths is defined differently than in
the paper and the table includes one additional bladder cancer
case than indicated in the published paper. This "extra" case
was included in the final bladder cancer analyses for the
paper.
Supplementary files
The supplementary files in this package include several
EPICURE script and log files that may help you make use of
these data and a table of adjustment factors that can be used
to convert colon doses to approximate doses for other organs.
File name Type Description
r12canc.scr epicure script Commands to read r12canc.dat into
amfit or other epicure programs
r12slmod.scr epicure script Commands to reproduce the basic
solid cancer model (page 11) and
the solid cancer excess risk
table (Table II, page 5) in LSS Report 12
r12slmod.log epicure log Results of running the r12slmod.scr script
r12leuk.scr epicure script Commands to read r12leuk.dat into
amfit or other epicure programs
r12lkmod.scr epicure script Commands to reproduce the basic
leukemia model (page 12) and the
leukemia excess risk table
(Table V, page 7) in LSS Report 12
r12lkmod.log epicure log Results of running the r12lkmod.scr script
ds86adjf.scr epicure script Commands to compute approximate adjusted organ
doses from colon dose components
The following table describes the format and contents of the
organ dose adjustment factor file
File Name #Records Record Variables File Size
Length per record (bytes)
DS86ADJF.DAT 90 24 5 2,340
File Format: MS-DOS 3.5-inch 1.44 MB, or 5.25-inch 1.2 MB
Creation Date: 9 September 1994
Cross-classification variables are items 1-3.
Summary variables are items 4-5.
For each cell in the table, gamma and neutron organ dose
adjustment factors from colon dose are given for each of the
fifteen organs incorporated into the DS86 system. The table
is cross-classified by city and age as well. The age groups
chosen reflect the use of three different phantoms in the DS86
system; choice of the appropriate phantom was based upon age
of the individual at the time of exposure.
The analyses for LSS Report 12 were carried out using tables
constructed directly from DS86 organ dose estimates and did
not rely on these approximations. As a result of this,
parameter estimates using these approximated values will
differ somewhat from those in the report.
Variable Description Columns
1 Organ 1 - 2
01 Skeleton 09 Lung
02 Marrow 10 Ovary
03 Urinary 11 Pancreas
bladder 12 Stomach
04 Brain 13 Testes
05 Breast 14 Thyroid
06 Lens of eye 15 Uterus
07 Large
intestine
08 Liver
2 City 6
1 - Hiroshima 2 - Nagasaki
3 Age at exposure group 10
1 Infant (0-2 years)
2 Child (3-11 years)
3 Adult (12+ years)
4 Mean neutron organ adjustment factor 11 - 17
5 Mean gamma organ adjustment factor 18 - 24
LSS Report 12: Supplementary Tables
This document describes supplementary tables summarizing site-
specific cancer mortality data for the Life Span Study (LSS)
during the period from October 1, 1950 through the end of
1990. The primary analyses and discussion of these data are
given in Part 1 of LSS Report 12. In addition to these
tables, RERF has released two datasets that provide detailed
stratification of these mortality data by city, sex, organ
(colon or marrow) dose, age at exposure, and time since
exposure. The results presented herein are based on organ-
dose-specific tables of cases and person years.
The tables are included in an Excel 7.0 worksheet file called
R12Supp.xls.
Three tables are presented for each of the cancers or groups
of cancers listed in Table 1. The last two tables in each set
summarize the distribution of the observed and expected
numbers of cases together with person-years by dose and time
period or age at exposure categories. These tables also
indicate the total number of people by dose category and sex.
The expected numbers of cases in each table were computed on
the basis of a stratified excess relative risk (ERR) model
that was linear in dose and allowed for age-at-exposure and,
where relevant, sex effects on the ERR. Expected numbers of
cases are computed from the stratified background model, with
stratification on city, sex, age at exposure, and attained
age. The ERR estimate is simply observed divided by expected
minus one.
Table 1: Cancers used in supplementary tables
Cancer / ICD codes Organ dose
Cancer Group (9th Rev)
Solid cancers 140 - 199 colon
Leukemia 204 - 208 bone
marrow
Stomach 151 stomach
Lung 162 lung
Liver 155 (0, 1, 2) liver
Colon 153 colon
Rectum 154 bladder
Pancreas 157 pancreas
Esophagus 150 bone
marrow
Gallbladder 156 liver
Bladder 188 bladder
Uterus 179 - 182 uterus
Female breast 174 breast
Ovary 183 ovary
Prostate 185 bladder
Other Solid all other colon
Cancers codes between
140 and 199
Malignant 200-202 bone
Lymphoma marrow
Multiple 203 bone
Myeloma marrow
The first table in each set presents parameter estimates and
the results of selected hypothesis tests for the site. With
the exception of the test for a non-linear dose response,
which is based only on those people with DS86 shielded kerma
estimates of less than 4 Gy, these estimates and tests are
based on analyses of all LSS for whom DS86 doses have been
computed.
Detailed results for both excess relative and excess absolute
risk models are presented for sites for which the number of
cases was large and there was evidence of a radiation-related
excess risk. For other sites parameter estimates and
hypothesis tests were carried out for a limited number of
factors only for ERR models.
Models used for analyses and hypothesis tests
The ERR analyses were based on stratified background models.
The stratification variables were city, sex, age at exposure,
and attained age. In the more detailed analyses the basic
model for the ERR was linear in dose with sex and age at
exposure as modifying factors. This ERR used in this model
can be written as:
ERR = b d exp ( b (e - 30))
1s 2
where b is a sex-dependent dose effect and b represents the effect
1s 2
of age at exposure (e). Because of the way in which e appears
in the model, the dose effect parameters correspond to the
risk for a person who was 30 years of age at exposure. The
effect of attained age on the ERR was examined by adding term
that is linear in log attained age to the exponential term in
the above model. In looking at city effects, it was assumed
that the effect would be the same for men and women. In those
sites for which the number of excess cases was insufficient to
allow working with the full model, neither age-at-exposure nor
sex effects were routinely included in the models.
With the exception of breast cancer, excess absolute risks
were modeled relative to a fully parametric model for the
background risks. Under the model the logarithm of the
background risks was described as a sex-specific quadratic
spline in log attained age with a single knot at age 70. The
intercept in this model was allowed to depend on sex, city,
and year of birth. Background risks for breast cancer were
modeled in terms of a log-linear spline in attained age with a
single knot at age 50. The intercept was allowed to depend on
city and birth cohort. The basic model used for the excess
absolute risk is
EAR = b d exp ( b ln(age/50))
1s 2
where age is attained age and thus the sex-specific dose
coefficients describe the risk at age 50.
Technical notes on hypothesis tests and confidence intervals
In most cases hypothesis tests are based on likelihood ratio
tests and confidence intervals were computed by direct
evaluation of the profile likelihood. However, there are
situations in which it is not possible to compute the
likelihood ratio statistic or, somewhat more often, likelihood-
based confidence bounds. These situations arise when the dose
effect is negative for some subset of the population either at
the maximum likelihood estimate or at some point in the
confidence region for the parameter of interest. If the
maximum likelihood estimate did not exist the score test was
used. Cases in which confidence bounds could not be computed are
indicated as N.C.in the tables. A related problem occurs in the
computation of confidence intervals for ratios of effects
(i.e. sex and city effect ratios). If the joint confidence
interval for the numerator and denominator includes 0 for
both effects, all values of the ratio are consistent with
the data. This is indicated by the phrase 'all values' in the
tables. If the joint confidence interval includes 0 for the
denominator but not the numerator, the confidence interval for
the ratioconsists of all points outside of some interval.
In such cases we report only the upper interval indicating a
positive lower bound and an infinite upper bound (indicated as
inf in the tables.). In most cases the negative interval
cannot be computed for the models that we consider.
|
Copyright 2003. Radiation Effects Research Foundation |